Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Innovation in IT
2026/03/31, Volume 14, Issue 1, pp.381-389

Ammonia Gas Sensing Properties of Gold- and Silver-Modified Tin Dioxide Thin Films


Asaad Ahmad Kamil, Nabeel Ali Bakr, Tahseen Hussain Mubarak, Jasim Al-Zanganawee, Ziad Tariq Khodair and Kiran Dasharath Diwate


Abstract: In this work, SnO₂ thin films were fabricated on quartz substrates using the sol–gel spin-coating method. The films were successfully prepared through multiple coating cycles to study the influence of deposition repetition on film properties. Tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O) served as the precursor material, 2-methoxyethanol was used as the solvent, and monoethanolamine (MEA) acted as the stabilizing agent. Gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized separately using the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique with a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser operating at 1064 nm wavelength, 520 mJ pulse energy, 1 Hz repetition rate, and 450 pulses. The SnO₂ precursor solution was then mixed with the Au and Ag colloids in volumetric ratios of 3:2 and 4:1, respectively. The surface morphology of the resulting nanocomposite films was analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), while their optical characteristics were examined via UV–Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed six principal peaks: four at (110), (101), (211), and (112), which correspond to the tetragonal rutile phase of SnO₂, and two additional peaks at (200) and (220), attributed to the cubic crystalline phases of Au and Ag nanoparticles. A shared (111) reflection was also detected for both SnO₂ and the metallic nanoparticles. Optical studies demonstrated a reduction in the band-gap energy (3.85–3.56 eV) with increasing concentrations of Au and Ag nanoparticles within the SnO₂ matrix. Among all samples, the SnO₂+Au (3:2) composite exhibited the best NH3 gas-sensing performance, exhibiting high sensitivity with rapid response and recovery times. The optimum operating temperature of 300 °C, at which the best gas-sensing response was observed.

Keywords: Spin Coating, SnO2 Structural & Optical Properties, Au NPs, Ag NPs, NH3 Gas Sensing.

DOI: Under indexing

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