Design and Characterization of Semi-Transparent Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules for Dual-Use Solar Applications

Akram Mirzabaev, Sherzod Kushakov, Mukhriddin Eshkulov, Shukhrat Urinov and Sharof Karshiboev

References:

1. Fraunhofer ISE, “Harvesting the sun for power and produce-Agrophotovoltaics increases the land use efficiency by over 60 percent,” Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany, 2017, doi: 10.2314/GBV:1005711670.
2. D. Majumdar and M. J. Pasqualetti, “Dual use of agricultural land: Introducing ‘agrivoltaics’ in Phoenix metropolitan statistical area, USA,” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 170, pp. 150–168, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.10.011.
3. J. Movellan, “Japan next-generation farmers cultivate crops and solar energy,” Renewable Energy World, Oct. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar/japan-next-generation-farmers-cultivate-crops-and-solar-energy.
4. J. Xue, “Photovoltaic agriculture-New opportunity for photovoltaic applications in China,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 73, pp. 1–9, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.098.
5. M. Cossu et al., “Advances on the semi-transparent modules based on micro solar cells: First integration in a greenhouse system,” Applied Energy, vol. 162, pp. 1042–1051, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.114.
6. C. C. Chen et al., “Visibly transparent polymer solar cells produced by solution processing,” ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 7185–7190, 2012, doi: 10.1021/nn3029327.
7. J. W. Lim, M. Shin, D. J. Lee, S. H. Lee, and S. J. Yun, “Highly transparent amorphous silicon solar cells fabricated using thin absorber and high-bandgap-energy n/i-interface layers,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 128, pp. 301–306, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.05.027.
8. E. De Gaspera et al., “Ultra-thin high efficiency semi-transparent perovskite solar cells,” Nano Energy, vol. 13, pp. 249–257, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.02.028.
9. D. C. Lim et al., “Semi-transparent plastic solar cell based on oxide–metal–oxide multilayer electrodes,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 188–195, 2018, doi: 10.1002/pip.2967.
10. Soliculture, “LUMO: The first commercially available, mass-produced luminescent solar collector (LSC),” 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.soliculture.com/lumo-technology.
11. Z. Zhang et al., “Progress in agriculture photovoltaics leveraging CPV,” in Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-14), Puertollano, Spain, Apr. 16–18, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CPV.2018.8354742.
12. D. Hirai, K. Okamoto, and N. Yamada, “Fabrication of highly transparent concentrator photovoltaic module for efficient dual land use in middle DNI region,” in Proc. IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conf. (PVSC), New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 14–19, 2015, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2015.7356317.
13. S. Qushakov et al., “Design and engineering of photovoltaic power generation system,” in Proc. IEEE 25th Int. Conf. Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM), 2024, pp. 1430–1437, doi: 10.1109/EDM61683.2024.10615190.
14. A. Yano, T. Kadowaki, M. Furue, and S. Tamaki, “Development and electrical output of novel greenhouse photovoltaic modules,” Biosystems Engineering, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 282–290, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.12.002.
15. J. Chen et al., “Performance analysis of radiation and electricity yield in a photovoltaic panel integrated greenhouse using radiation and thermal models,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 164, 104904, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2019.104904.
16. M. Zhang et al., “The impact of daily light integral from artificial lighting on tomato seedling cultivation in plant factories,” Agronomy, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 70, 2024, doi: 10.3390/agronomy15010070.
17. K. P. Gavhane et al., “Determination of optimal daily light integral (DLI) for indoor cultivation of iceberg lettuce in an indigenous vertical hydroponic system,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, p. 10923, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37967-7.
18. A. E. Kohler and E. S. Runkle, “Sole-source lighting of lettuce that increased yield had no negative effect on postharvest longevity,” HortScience, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 903–909, 2024, doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI17074-23.
19. S. D. Kushakov et al., “Agrivoltaic panel design for greenhouses,” in Proc. IEEE 26th Int. Conf. Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM), 2025, pp. 810–813, doi: 10.1109/EDM65517.2025.11096823.
20. P. Ghosal, S. C. Mullick, and A. K. Nayak, “Optical and thermal performance of semi-transparent photovoltaic panels for building and agricultural applications,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 230, 112416, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111416.
21. J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2020.