Cytokines and Kidney Function Biomarkers in Entamoeba Histolytica-Infected Patients

Hadi Hussein Mohammed and Huda Mawlood Taher

References:

1. R. Fotedar, D. Stark, N. Beebe, D. Marriott, J. Ellis, and J. Harkness, "Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 511–532, Jul. 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00004-07.
2. S. Gupta, L. Smith, and A. Diakiw, "Amebiasis and amebic liver abscess in children," Pediatric Clinics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 79–97, 2022.
3. M. Tanyuksel and W. A. Petri, "Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 713–729, Oct. 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.4.713-729.2003.
4. H. M. Taher, A. H. Mohamed, and S. S. Yaseen, "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among children in Kirkuk City, Iraq," Revista Bionatura, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://revistabionatura.com/files/18-2_5303169525380815898.pdf
5. M. Espinosa-Cantellano and A. Martínez-Palomo, "Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease," Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 318–331, Apr. 2000, doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.2.318.
6. X. Que et al., "A surface amebic cysteine proteinase inactivates interleukin-18," Infection and Immunity, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1274–1280, Mar. 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.3.1274-1280.2003.
7. D. R. Pillai and K. C. Kain, "Recent developments in amoebiasis: the Gal/GalNAc lectins," Microbes and Infection, vol. 2, no. 14, pp. 1775–1783, Nov. 2000, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01330-7.
8. S. C. Lee, D. W. Dickson, W. Liu, and C. F. Brosnan, "Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in human astrocytes by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ," Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 46, no. 1–2, pp. 19–24, Jul. 1993.
9. P. Morán et al., "Amoebiasis: advances in diagnosis, treatment, immunology features and the interaction with the intestinal ecosystem," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 24, no. 14, p. 11755, 2023.
10. K. Nakada-Tsukui and T. Nozaki, "Immune response of amebiasis and immune evasion by Entamoeba histolytica," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 7, May 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00175.
11. X. Guo et al., "Protection against intestinal amebiasis by a recombinant vaccine is transferable by T cells and mediated by gamma interferon," Infection and Immunity, vol. 77, no. 9, pp. 3909–3918, Sep. 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00487-09.
12. C. P. Ivory, "Cytokine modulation in parasitic infections," Parasite Immunology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 223–231, 2007.
13. H. M. Taher and A. H. Mohamed, "The effect of Entamoeba histolytica infection on levels of adiponectin and histamine in children," Bahrain Medical Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 2, 2022.
14. H. H. Mohammed and H. M. Taher, "Analysis of liver function in patients with intestinal parasitic infections: a comparative study of AST, ALT, and ALP levels," Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, vol. 6, no. 2, Mar. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2767.
15. S. Saidin, N. Othman, and R. Noordin, "Update on laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis," European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 15–38, Jan. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3379-3.
16. R. M. McLaughlin and R. E. Fish, "Clinical biochemistry and hematology," in The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, Elsevier, 1994, pp. 111–127, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-469235-0.50013-0.
17. A. H. B. Wu, "A selected history and future of immunoassay development and applications in clinical chemistry," Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 369, no. 2, pp. 119–124, Jul. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.045.
18. C. Heumann, M. Schomaker, and Shalabh, Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46162-5.
19. Z. S. Hadi, "A study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Shatrah district/Thi-Qar governorate," Journal of Education and Pure Science, University of Thi-Qar, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 28–39, 2011.
20. S. M. A. Ali and M. A. Qader, "Nutritional status of children infected with Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica infections in Kalar town, Iraq," Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 157–166, 2011.
21. L. A. Mohsin, S. S. Hamad, and S. M. Rahim, "The effect of infection with the Entamoeba histolytica on oxidative stress status in Kirkuk hospital patients," Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, vol. 13, pp. 3191–3195, 2022.
22. D. J. Ibrahim, H. Q. Mohammed, and H. N. Abd, "Molecular and immunological study for Entamoeba histolytica in pediatric patients," Biochemical and Cellular Archives, vol. 22, no. 1, 2022.
23. M. M. Bakr, H. M. Taher, F. K. Hussein, and A. H. Mohamed, "Study the effective role of metronidazole nanoemulsion for the treatment of skin lesions in mice induced by Entamoeba histolytica," South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–7, Jan. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjbab.2024.v06i01.001.
24. P. M. Exconde et al., "The tetrapeptide sequence of IL-18 and IL-1β regulates their recruitment and activation by inflammatory caspases," Cell Reports, vol. 42, no. 12, p. 113581, Dec. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113581.
25. F. K. Hussein, A. J. Mahmoud, and B. J. Yousif, "Estimation of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M antibody levels in laboratory mice Balb/c infected with Entamoeba histolytica and treatment with aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus and Thymus serpyllum," Polytechnic Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 126–129, Jun. 2020.
26. A. Al-Hamish, "The role of interleukins in early and late immune responses to parasitic infections," Journal of Parasitology Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 45–56, 2024.
27. M. Abas, S. A. Nadir, H. Fadhil, and N. Tektook, "A prevalence of Entamoeba sp. in children with diarrhea," International Journal of Medical Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–13, 2024.
28. A. Chou and R. L. Austin, "Entamoeba histolytica infection," in StatPearls [Online], StatPearls Publishing, 2023. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557718/
29. K. A. Kh. and S. F. Ab., "Immunological and cytokine profile (IL-25 and IL-35) in patients with Entamoeba histolytica infection in Southern Iraq," Archives of Razi Institute, vol. 79, no. 2, p. 315, 2024.
30. R. S. Bray and W. G. Harris, "The epidemiology of infection with Entamoeba histolytica in The Gambia, West Africa," Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 401–407, Jan. 1977.
31. A. Bamanikar and P. Soni, "Renal function alterations in individuals with Entamoeba histolytica infection," International Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 16–21, 2024.
32. J. Royo et al., "Elevated plasma interleukin-8 as a risk factor for mortality in children presenting with cerebral malaria," Infectious Diseases of Poverty, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 8, Feb. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-023-01059-2.
33. S. M. Zia Ziabari et al., "Blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio in differentiation of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleedings: a diagnostic accuracy study," Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, p. e30, 2019.