Assessing Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Juices and Soft Drinks in Baghdad, Iraq, and their Impact on Human Health

Suhailah Kachin Saihood, Abdulwahab Abdulrazaq Jbara and Yasir Abdullah Hamad Aljanabi

References:

1. S. Bunu, B. Ebeshi, H. Kpun, A. Kashimawo, E. Vaikosen, and C. Itodo, "Atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) analysis of heavy metals and health risks assessment of some common energy drinks," Pharmacol. Toxicol. Nat. Med., vol. 1, no. 1, 2023, Art. no. 55.
2. J. Tahmassebi and A. BaniHani, "Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: A critical review," Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent., vol. 21, pp. 109-117, 2019.
3. M. W. Mahdi, L. Q. Abdulhameed, and A. A. Sultan, "Significant iron and vitamin D deficiency and significant increase of hepcidin level in Iraqi patients with iron deficiency anemia," Biochemical & Cellular Archives, vol. 19, no. 1, 2019.
4. R. Asomugha, C. Igwe, P. Nome, O. Uchendu, and N. Godson, "Study on health risk assessment of levels of some toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of some commercial soft drinks commonly consumed among students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria," Curr. Adv. Pharm. Res. Dev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 55-68, 2021.
5. F. Khalid and S. Ahmed Dhahir, "Evaluation of Minerals and some Biochemical parameters in the serum of Renal stones from Iraqi patients," IJApSc, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 11–16, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.69923/qmt17g10.
6. F. Stea, F. Bianchi, L. Cori, and R. Sicari, "Cardiovascular effects of arsenic: Clinical and epidemiological findings," Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 21, pp. 244-251, 2013.
7. R. Asomugha, C. Igwe, P. Nome, O. Uchendu, and N. Godson, "Health risk assessment of levels of some toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of some commercial soft drinks commonly consumed among students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria," Int. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
8. N. Dyke et al., "Association between aluminum in drinking water and incident Alzheimer's disease in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging cohort," Neurotoxicology, 2020.
9. M. Peana et al., "Biological effects of human exposure to environmental cadmium," Biomolecules, vol. 13, 2022, Art. no. 36.
10. J. Dai et al., "Toxicity, gut microbiota, and metabolome effects after copper exposure during early life in SD rats," Toxicology, 2020.
11. A. Cichocki, "The importance of microwave digestion for trace metal analysis," Lab Manager, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.labmanager.com/sample-prep-for-trace-metal-analysis-in-environmental-samples.
12. A. Carr, G. Block, and J. Lykkesfeldt, "Estimation of vitamin C intake requirements based on body weight: Implications for obesity," Nutrients, vol. 14, 2022, Art. no. 1460.
13. A. Zulkifli et al., "Electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of available studies on health risk assessment," Rev. Environ. Health, vol. 33, pp. 43-52, 2016.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS): Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment)," EPA/540/R/99/005, 2001.
15. A. Tappin et al., "Dissolved silver in European estuarine and coastal waters," Water Res., vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 4204-4216, 2010.
16. V. Athanasiadis, T. Chatzimitakos, D. Kalompatsios, M. Mantiniotou, E. Bozinou, and S. Lalas, "Determination of caffeine and elements in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic beverages," Beverages, 2023.
17. E. Nicholas and P. Ukoha, "Tin and aluminum concentration in canned foods, drinks, and beverages sold in Nigerian markets," Chem. Mater. Res., vol. 3, pp. 32-40, 2013.
18. D. Abercrombie and R. Fowler, "Possible aluminum content of canned drinks," Toxicol. Ind. Health, vol. 13, pp. 649-654, 1997.
19. S. Leconte, C. Rousselle, L. Bodin, F. Clinard, and G. Carne, "Refinement of health-based guidance values for cadmium in the French population based on modeling," Toxicol. Lett., 2021.
20. M. Lazović et al., "Cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in fresh vegetables and vegetable products intended for human consumption in the Republic of Serbia, 2015-2017," Food Addit. Contam. Part B, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 102-119, 2023.
21. M. S. Musa, M. S. Dagari, A. Umar, and I. Shafiu, "Comparative assessment of heavy metals in Ajiwa and Jibia irrigation dams of Katsina State, Nigeria," FUDMA J. Sci., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 32-35, 2020.
22. M. Meseret, G. Ketema, and H. Kassahun, "Health risk assessment and determination of some heavy metals in commonly consumed traditional herbal preparations in Northeast Ethiopia," J. Chem., vol. 2020, pp. 1-7, 2020.
23. E. Edirisinghe and B. Jinadasa, "Cadmium and arsenic concentrations in Sri Lankan rice and their potential health risks," Ceylon J. Sci., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 239, 2020.
24. B. Du et al., "Environmental and human health risks from cadmium exposure near an active lead-zinc mine and a copper smelter, China," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 720, 2020, Art. no. 137585.