In recent years, augmented reality (AR) technologies have been increasingly integrated into educational processes, offering novel opportunities to enhance learning quality and support students’ cognitive development. Of particular interest is the application of AR within collaborative learning environments, where learners interact with one another and with digital objects in real time. This study aims to experimentally evaluate the impact of AR-based collaborative learning systems on the development of spatial thinking and knowledge retention. An interactive AR platform was developed, enabling students to complete learning tasks collaboratively using three-dimensional models. The experiment involved two groups: a control group (traditional instruction) and an experimental group (AR-based learning). Assessment was conducted using standardized spatial ability tests as well as long-term knowledge retention tests. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in spatial thinking among participants in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, higher levels of knowledge retention were observed two weeks after the learning intervention. Analysis of student interactions revealed that collaboration within an AR environment promotes deeper conceptual understanding and enhances cognitive skill development. The results confirm the strong potential of AR technologies as an effective tool for modernizing educational systems. The study also identifies several limitations related to technical and organizational challenges in implementing AR. Overall, the findings indicate that integrating AR technologies into the educational process produces statistically significant and practically meaningful effects on key cognitive and affective learning outcomes.
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