Childhood obesity is an increasing public health issue, especially in urban settings where dietary changes and obesogenic environments heighten risk. This study utilized an ANOVA-based statistical framework to investigate the impact of dietary factors on obesity outcomes in urban school-aged children. A total of 280 participants, aged 6 to 14 years, were recruited using a two-stage cluster sampling method. We gathered anthropometric measurements, surveys of what people ate, and information about how much time they spent on screens and how much they exercised. The main outcome was the BMI-for-age z-score. The dietary factors that affected this were how often the person drank sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), how often they ate fast food, how much fruit and vegetables they ate, how often they skipped breakfast, and how big their portions were. The findings indicated a significant correlation between SSB consumption (F = 9.82, p < 0.001, η² = 0.07) and portion size (F = 8.23, p < 0.01, η² = 0.06) with elevated BMI z-scores, whereas fruit and vegetable intake demonstrated a protective effect. ANCOVA validated these associations subsequent to the adjustment for confounding variables. The results underscore the necessity for focused dietary interventions and policy measures in urban settings.