Smart Irrigation System Using IoT and PID Control for Soil Moisture Feedback

Alshamary, Haider; Al-Jumaili, Saja; Hamza, Alaa; Hussein, Ali

doi:10.25673/123748

Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Innovation in IT · 2026/03/31 · Vol. 14 · Issue 1 · pp. 1427–1433

Smart Irrigation System Using IoT and PID Control for Soil Moisture Feedback

Haider Ali Jasim Alshamary, Saja A. Al-Jumaili, Alaa Ibrahem Hamza, Ali Ihsan Alanssari and Rasha Abed Hussein

📄 Download PDF DOI: 10.25673/123748

Abstract

Water scarcity and climate variability have posed immediate challenges for sustainable agriculture, requiring effective irrigation strategies. This research delineates the design and validation of an IoT-enabled smart irrigation system utilizing Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control for real-time soil moisture management. The system architecture combines capacitive soil moisture sensors, an ESP32-based IoT node, and a solenoid valve-pump assembly. MQTT and a cloud dashboard monitor the data communication. Gravimetric methods were used to calibrate the sensors, and Ziegler-Nichols rules were used to tune the PID gains for the best response. Experimental trials on loam and sandy loam soils showed that the PID system worked better than on-off and time-based irrigation. The results showed that the setpoint tracking was accurate within ±2% volumetric water content (VWC), the overshoot was lower (3%), and the efficiency of water use improved by more than 25%. Cloud integration made it possible to see data clearly and let farmers control their farms from afar. The results show that IoT-PID irrigation systems could help save water, keep crop environments stable, and make farming more sustainable. This framework sets the stage for future smart agriculture solutions that will include advanced predictive controls and monitoring of multiple parameters.

Keywords

Smart Irrigation Iot PID Control Soil Moisture Mqtts Precision Agriculture Water-Use Efficiency.

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