This study is devoted to the scientific analysis of the transition to green energy and sustainable economic growth at both regional and global levels. The paper examines modern trends in targeted economic investments in the field of renewable energy sources, analyzing the dynamics of national economic growth under modernization processes and the increase in gross domestic product indicators, as well as their impact on environmental sustainability and the improvement of population living standards. The authors employed methods of correlation analysis, multivariate regression, and time series modeling to identify the key factors that shape a synergistic effect. In particular, the findings show that an increase in investments in renewable energy sources by 1 billion USD contributes to GDP growth of approximately 0.05–0.07%, while the expansion of green technologies in the energy sector leads to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and overall environmental improvement. The analysis further reveals that regional differences are determined by the level of infrastructural development, as well as state and private sector support, which ensures technological progress in the process of transitioning to green energy. The study emphasizes that effective government support and successful international cooperation are crucial factors for the large-scale adoption of green technologies and the achievement of sustainable development goals. The conclusions highlight the necessity of a comprehensive approach, based on in-depth scientific research, to the formulation of national strategies that stimulate investment, foster innovation, and ensure environmental security. The research makes an independent contribution to the development of theory and practice in ecologically oriented sustainable economic development in developing countries.