Movies represent one of the most important media that combine narrative components with visual and auditory elements to entertain or inspire viewers. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) is a prominent rating system that plays a great role for audience to select an appropriate film. This rating system is important because it helps parents filter the content to protect their children from unsuitable movies. It also assists audiences in their own choice. Traditionally, MPAA ratings are assigned by reviewers manually and this, in turn, leads to inconsistency, subjectivity, and time-consuming. This research introduces an automated method for predicting MPAA rating by using the scripts feature with the emotion feature that aiming to enhance classification accuracy and provide a more reliable assessment of age appropriateness. Scripts are preprocessed and converted into term frequency-invert document frequency (TF-IDF) vectors to capture significant linguistic patterns. Moreover, emotional features are extracted from movie scripts using transformer-based models due to their contextual understanding capabilities. These features are integrated to form a multi-class output. In this study, the LightGBM algorithm is applied as a gradient boosting technique. Experimental findings indicate that combining emotion features alongside textual representations enhances prediction accuracy in comparison to the use of scripts alone. The model achieves 84.2% and 84.6 for the weighted F1-score and the accuracy metric, respectively. This supports the effectiveness of the proposed model in predicting MPAA ratings from both movie scripts and emotional features.
M. Shafaei, N. S. Samghabadi, S. Kar, and T. Solorio, “Age suitability rating: Predicting the MPAA rating based on movie dialogues,” in LREC 2020 - 12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Conference Proceedings, 2020.
L. Deni Setiawan and B. Bestari Puspita, “classification of children short films for mobile movie screening by bioscil,” 2019. doi: 10.17501/24246778.2019.5101.
L. A. Ha and E. Mohamed, “Combining Text and Images for Film Age Appropriateness Classification,” in Procedia CIRP, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.05.087.
R. Jayashree and A. Nayan Varma, “MPAA Rating Prediction Using Script Analysis for Movies,” in 2022 IEEE 7th International conference for Convergence in Technology, I2CT 2022, 2022. doi: 10.1109/I2CT54291.2022.9825434.
V. R. Martinez, K. Somandepalli, K. Singla, A. Ramakrishna, Y. T. Uhls, and S. Narayanan, “Violence rating prediction from movie scripts,” in 33rd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2019, 31st Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2019 and the 9th AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2019, 2019. doi: 10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301671.
V. Sanh, L. Debut, J. Chaumond, and T. Wolf, “DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108, 2019.
G. Ke, Q. Meng, T. Finley, T. Wang, W. Chen, W. Ma, Q. Ye, and T.-Y. Liu, “LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree,” in Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., vol. 30, 2017.
M. Shafaei, N. S. Samghabadi, S. Kar, and T. Solorio, “Rating for Parents: Predicting Children Suitability Rating for Movies Based on Language of the Movies,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.07819, Aug. 2019, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07819
M. Shafaei, C. Smailis, I. A. Kakadiaris, and T. Solorio, “A Case Study of Deep Learning Based Multi-Modal Methods for Predicting the Age-Suitability Rating of Movie Trailers,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.11704, Jan. 2021, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11704
Y. Liu, M. Ott, N. Goyal, J. Du, M. Joshi, D. Chen, O. Levy, M. Lewis, L. Zettlemoyer, and V. Stoyanov, “RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692, 2019.
D. Demszky, D. Movshovitz-Attias, J. Ko, A. Cowen, G. Nemade, and S. Ravi, “GoEmotions: A dataset of fine-grained emotions,” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.372.
K. S. Jones, “A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval,” 1972. doi: 10.1108/eb026526.
S. W. Kim and J. M. Gil, “Research paper classification systems based on TF-IDF and LDA schemes,” Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s13673-019-0192-7.
M. Siino, I. Tinnirello, and M. La Cascia, “Is text preprocessing still worth the time? A comparative survey on the influence of popular preprocessing methods on Transformers and traditional classifiers,” Inf Syst, vol. 121, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.is.2023.102342.
M. Sokolova and G. Lapalme, “A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks,” Inf Process Manag, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 427–437, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2009.03.002.
C. Goutte and E. Gaussier, “A Probabilistic Interpretation of Precision, Recall and F-Score, with Implication for Evaluation,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2005. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-31865-1_25.